Tuesday 8th January.
One of the many fascinating things about Lebanon, is the amount of archaeological sites available to visit. They are simply stunning. I met a Tunisian archaeologist in Palmyra who alluded to this fact. Now I found myself in Lebanon I was eager to experience this firsthand. The bad weather had all but passed so Marcus and I decided to join Alison and Rob on a jaunt to the ancient ruins of Baalbek.
Baalbek is famed for containing some of the most – in fact I think the most – well preserved Roman ruins in the Middle East. It also was host to a monumental temple, one of the finest the Roman Empire ever saw – despite never being finished - The Temple of Baal-Jupiter. This Temple was never completed probably due to the sheer size of the work required. Most of the focus of work took place between the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD. There were temples dedicated to worship in Baalbek long before the Romans arrived. Excavations have revealed evidence of a civilization dating around 5000 BC; and why not, the Levant was, and still is, a beautiful area of the world. The Phoenicians built a temple here in 2000 BC dedicated to Baal, the sun god. There is scant evidence to the role and importance of the place in the next two millennia, but the Romans recognised it as a place of great religious importance and, in their usual trick of speeding up the process anthropological integration, they fused the worship of three Middle Eastern Gods with their own: Jove, as Jupiter and Baal. Venus via Astarte, and Bacchus replacing the Anatolian Dionysus. Baalbek thus became the city of Heliopolis. It was bestowed the title of a colonia and AD 15 and a legion was stationed there. By the end of the 1st Century AD it had become a place of pilgrimage for people from all corners of the Roman Empire and was given the rights of ius Italicum.
We left the hotel late in the morning The plans we had made for an early start had been slightly upset by the events the night before. Nevertheless we left the hotel around mid-morning in bright sunshine, reasonably bright-eyed and bushy-tailed. We took a taxi to the Cola Pullman bus station. This is the base for all northbound servises. Our taxi driver was a cantankerous old git who blatantly tried to rip us off. We got into an argument with him as he dropped us off at the bus-station. He followed us out of his cab and started threatening us in the street. He even went to take a swing at me, which would have been interesting as he was all of 5 ft 1. He finally left with a huge mood-on and far less cash than he was hoping for and we hopped on in a servise to Baalbek.
... I am sitting in a servise en route to Baalbek. Rob and Alison have both been drinking double espressos to combat there hangovers. Marcus and I are munching falafels. Marcus is clutching a bag of chillis in his right hand. He didn’t want them but the falafel shop owner insisted that he must have them; perhaps he looked a bit cold. We left Beirut in a warm haze of January sunshine. Unfortunately 10 km northeast and 1000 metres up the temperature has dropped a tad. Moreover we are driving through a low cloud hanging over the mountains. Visibility has dropped to 25 metres but our servise driver insists on trying to overtake every vehicle that he comes across, whilst on his mobile. Most of the vehicles coming from the opposite direction seem to be articulated lorries. My nervous system is already on edge after too much alcohol and too little sleep. Seeing large trucks leap out of freezing fog 20 metres ahead of us, directly in our path, is not helping much. I decide to close my eyes. It offers some solace. But given it is like night-time outside and the vehicles have their main beams on it is not much. I wonder can I keep this up for another 45mins…We arrived, and I was somewhat surprised at this, alive in Baalbek just after lunch. At an elevation of 1,137 metres it was slightly colder than Beirut. The Baalbek district of Lebanon is predominately Shiite and known to be the strategic headquarters of Hezbollah As we entered the town Alison noticed a full-size tank on a raised plinth in the middle of the road. “Israeli!” One of the passengers said by way of explanation: a leftover trophy from the invasion, no doubt. We were dropped off at the entrance to the site feeling pretty cold, however the sun was still shining and this was warming us up. We nipped into a cafĂ© and grabbed a crepe each, then headed off to explore the ruins; avoiding the energetic street vendors trying to flog us Hezbollah T-Shirts as we went by.
The complex is massive. You enter through through the ruins of the great courts of approach. These courts were not actually finished until much later, during the reign of Philip the Arab (cute, I know) and Caracalla in the 3rd and 4th Centuries AD. They are mostly in ruins but you can still clearly see the bases of the columns making up the colonnaded entrance. Further inside you enter the hexagonal courtyard, the last addition to the complex, built by my namesake in the 3rd Century AD. It is a massive area, with small ante-chambers at each plane. In the centre was, what appeared to be, a large altar. Deep recessions were dug into either side that looked like they may have been holding pens of some sort. The others veered off left to explore the left side of the great temple that led down into the lower area of the site. I headed up the main staircase to the temple of Jupiter-Baal. This place was vast. When it was in it’s glory it must have been simply astounding to behold. Each of the

Corinthian columns stood at 20 metres in height. There was originally 42 of these columns. Only six remain. Trying to gaue the size of this is pretty mind-boggling. Then on top of these you would also have had supporting buttresses and a roof. A roof! The size of a football pitch. It is amazing to see the evidence of such grandiose engineering from nearly two thousand years ago. And evidence there is in abundance although Emperor Justinian had eight of the columns disassembled and shipped to Constantinople, for his basilica of Hagia Sophia. What fascinated me the most about this temple though, was the size of the monoliths that comprised the lower level of the temple and weighing 400 tonnes each. Then again under these lie the Tritholon – these are three stones weighing in excess of 1000 tonnes each. Three single stones! Hubba Hubba. I wouldn’t have liked to have been in the stone shifting squad the day they put those bad boys in. [incidentally, in a quarry not far away from the temple lies another stone known as: "the stone of the south" (Hajar el Gouble) or "the stone of the pregnant woman" (Hajar el Hibla). Had it been liberated from its place of rest it would have been the single largest stone ever laid in a foundation].
From here, after meeting the others, we headed down into the lower levels to visit th

e temple of Venus, or Astarte, if you want to name her by her Eastern incarnation. Eusebius of Caesarea, a Christian and a Roman scribe recounted of the decadent and licentious worship that took place in offer to Astarte, or Aphrodite. Worship that was reported to persist into the 3rd Century AD. Basically this temple complex was a the site of multiple places of exultation and Romans were quite happy to tolerate, if not integrate and encourage, the rites and rituals of local Gods. Thus pagan ceremonies were observed with aplomb (I’ll bet even more so when they realised that many forms of worship to Astarte included prostitution of nubile females) much to the disgust and horror of the newly converted Christians; so much for when in Rome.
The most complete and exquisite temple we visited that day was the Temple of Bacchus, or Dionysus. Much of this temple is still standing. This is quite an amazing fact, down a combination of very good engineering coupled with sheer luck I think. Given the fact this temple has been subject to a major earthquake. Several sackings from the Byzantines, the Arabas, the Ottomans, the Crusaders, and in more recent years, air-strikes from the Israelis. It is a wonder anything is still standing. Yet so much of it still does. Although dedicated to the God of wine and fertility, it was commonly referred to as the Temple of the Sun. It was one of the lesser temples, but these days it is the most intact and most beautiful. Built by Antoninus Pius, it has some fantastic sculptures and reliefs, and more importantly, the roof supports remain almost completely intact, with amazingly intricate stone sculptured art-work. Some of the ceiling did, of course, fall down. This is laid directly below its corresponding place in the roof so you can view up close the beauty of the sculptures.
In 637 AD the Muslim army led by Abu Ubaida ibn al-Jarrah triumphed over the Byzantines and claimed it for themselves. Power transferred hands repeatedly over the next four centuries during which time the caliphs of Damascus and Cairo claimed authority. During this time the temple was fortified and a Mosque was built south of the temple of Bacchus. The Crusaders fought Saladin here and lost in the 12th Century AD. Not shortly afterward earthquakes ravaged the area and much of the remaining edifices fell. In the year 1517 it passed, along with most of the Middle East, to the Ottoman Empire and thus it remained so for the next four centuries.
Inside the temple of Bacchus was just as amazing. It was used in the 19th Century as a lunatic asylum-cum-prison. I am not sure of how the cells were laid out but there is little evidence to suggest it existed as such a facility today. The interior was, in its heyday, divided into an outer and inner sanctum, the inner being reserved for the select few – priests, priestesses, and people of religious importance. Many of the reliefs and pictures have faded but you can still make out some scenes depicting Bacchus and his followers gorging on wine and cavorting amongst themselves.
By this time it was getting pretty nippy. We had a quick peak into the Ottoman architecture museum and then through the old cistern that led to the exit. We stopped before we left to check out the Baalbek museum. It was worth spending a couple of hours there but we had only about 10mins as the power was soon to cut out. We had a quick nose around, Alison and I were especially interested in techniques used to carve the intricate stone-masonary. There was also a neat little room showing photographs taken by a Belgian explorer at the turn of the centurty.
We exited into a very cold evening. I was beginning to get a bit worried at this point as everyone was looking a bit cold and our lips were turning blue. We managed to get a servise back to Beirut pretty quickly though. We met an interesting journalist from Hong-Kong who shared our servise. We got some good tips off of her for heading North.
We got into Beirut in time for dinner and then went out for a couple of drinks which turned into night-club and were tucked up in bed by 5am.